5-10% Weight Reduction From Set to Set For Hypertrophy, Heavy Leg Workouts for Cyclists, Garlic For 400% Higher Test/Cortisol Ratios & Max(!) 1g Vitamin C for Muscle Gains

7% increase in breast cancer risk for every 500g above "normal" birthweight for Scandinavian women. Weight is yet not all that counts, mommy's gestational diabetes and even a large body size also precipitate to later disease.

7% per 500g that's the increase in breast cancer risk, the female offspring of Scandinavian women will have, if they are born heavier than normal. This figure is the SuppVersity Figure of the Week and comes from a study I came across a couple of days ago (Troisi. 2013). The statistics are based on birth register data of women from Norway, Sweden or Denmark who were subsequently diagnosed with primary, invasive breast cancer (n=51419) and 10 controls for each case from the birth registries matched by country and year of birth (n = 514,190).

Contrary to what you may think, the birth weight does yet not pose as much of a risk to become obese later in life as being larger than "appropriate" for your gestational age does (Eyzaguirre. 2013). If you also consider that gestational diabetes has been linked with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in the offspring (Davis. 2013) and that obesity in itself is an independent risk factor for breast cancer (Patterson. 2013), these should be more than enough good arguments not to surrender to your occasional food cravings and laziness - pregnant or not.

It's not all in your genes, but most in your hands

Although some people would love, if this was the case, because they could blame their own misery on the mistakes other  may have made, our lives and health are not fully determined by our genes and/or the mistakes our mothers may or may not have made. As Poston and Foreyt wrote in 1999, already: "Obesity is an environmental issue." And we are lucky: It is in our hands to change the environment we are exposing ourselves to and thus influence which of our genetic disposals will become active and are  promoted and which of them won't. Now that's obviously not just the case for obesity, muscular hypertrophy would be another example. Irrespective of your genetic make-up your strength and muscle gains stand and fall with the way you train, eat and supplement... and guess what, all of these points will be addressed in today's installment of On Short Notice.

• Experimentally validated: 5-10% drop in weights per set is "optimal" for hypertrophy training (Medeiros. 2013) -- Scientists from the Laboratory of Physiology and Biokinetic at the Faculty of Biological Sciences and Health on the UNIG Campus V at Itaperuna in Brazil find: The average resistance trainee - in this case a young man aged 24.0±4.5 years with a body mass of 78.3±10.2 kg and a height of 177±7 cm - can remain in the hypertrophy range (10-12 reps to failure) for most of his sets, when he reduces the weight by 5-10% after each set.
  
  Whether this will also yield optimal gains was yet not within the scope of this 5-week study. What these results do however tell you is that you are not training hard enough if you perform all your sets with the exact same weight in the exact same rep range - well, unless you don't just like to listen to Super Human Radio, but are actually related to Superman himself ;-)

• 

  Sir Chris Hoy's legs are not as hilarious as those of the German Robert Forstemann (Robert is the right guy), but I am pretty certain their size and strength played a very important part in becoming the most successful Olympic track cyclist of all times (six gold and one silver Olympic Medal + 11 times world champion)

  Heavy leg training could make the difference between victory or defeat at the end of a cycling race (Hansen. 2013) -- In a soon-to-be-published paper, Ernst A. Hansen et al. report that the addition of 12-weeks of heavy resistance training in the form of 4 lower body exercises (3 × 4–10 repetition maximum) which had to be performed twice a week enhanced the cycling performance of highly trained cyclists by 7% compared to the training outcome of the subjects in a control group who simply followed their regular endurance-only, protocols:
  

  "Performance was determined as average power output in a 5-min all-out trial performed subsequent to 185 min of submaximal cycling. The performance enhancement, which has been reported previously, was here shown to be accompanied by improved pedaling efficacy during the all-out cycling. Thus, E+S shortened the phase where negative crank torque occurs by ~16°, corresponding to ~14%, which was more than in E (P = .002)" (Hansen. 2013)

  Since the test was conducted at the end of a 3h cycling session, it should be plain obvious that those 15% increases in torque will catapult the strength trained endurance athlete to the forefront on every final sprint.

• Human dose equivalent of ~0.1g/kg garlic per day could not just boost your testosterone and lower the high protein diet induced increases in cortisol, it could also improve the way your body utilizes dietary protein (Oi. 2013)-- Actually this is not a new study, but since Maxim was not happy with things "so yesterday" as the increases in HDL and LDL the Arabian scientists observed in the garlic study I have been talking about at the end of Thursday's SuppVersity Science Round-Up on SHR, I thought others may be as happy as Maxim will hopefully be to hear that there is more to garlic than "just" its beneficial effects on your heart.
  
  

  

  Figure 1: Higher testosterone levels, an amelioration of the high protein induced increase in corticosteroids and a 40% increase in net protein balance are unquestionably impressive results given the fact that the all those differences were brought about within 28 days and by no more than 0.1g/kg (HED) of "supplemental" garlic in form of heat dried powder that was added to the chow (Oi. 2001)

  In fact, I am almost sure that the >400% increase in the testosterone to cortisol ratio you will see if you take a closer look at the data in figure 1, is probably rather what Maxim would have liked to hear me talk about. Especially in view of the fact that this endocrine effects went hand in hand with a highly significant +60% increase in protein retention (figure 1, top right). Think about it, if only part of he protein that was now no longer excreted in the urine / feces would be used for protein synthesis this would entail exactly those hypertrophy effects you don't see with your average "scientifically proven" herb-based testosterone booster.
  
  Unfortunately, the scientists did only measure the body weight and visceral fat pads, not the actual muscle mass of the rodents,. But if you go by their ratios it is obvious that the high protein + garlic group were not just the heaviest, but also the leanest.
  
  With +11 % vs. +5% in both the medium and high protein diets, the animals on the low protein did yet exhibit the most profound benefits as far as the body weight / visceral fat ratio goes. Against the background that their net protein balance remained the same, this observation does actually suggest that the pro-anabolic effects of garlic are not solely a result of a decreased protein excretion (see figure 1).

  

  Table 1: Principal sulphur compounds of garlic preparations (Hammami. 2013)

  Warning: Don't live on garlic alone! While the provision of 0.8% garlic powder did have beneficial effects on testosterone production in the study at hand, there are a couple of studies which suggest that a diet with 15-30% of crude garlic (Hammami. 2008 & 2009), as well as the administration of Diallyl trisulphide in isolation (Qian. 1986) and raw garlic juice (e.g. 600mg/kg per day for 21 days in Fehri. 1991) can compromise testosterone production and/or testicular function. In view of the difference between 0.8% garlic powder in the diet of the rodents in study at hand and 15-30% of pure garlic in the diet of the animals in the Hamami studies, it is most likely that the effects were dose-depended, but in case you are interested in health benefits of specific sulfor compounds in garlic, the data in table 1 on the left may still come handy to pick "your" preferred form of garlic.
  Rather than that, it appears as if the human equivalent of 0.1g/kg body weight of heat dried garlic powder that contained a total amount of 5.05 mg/g of total diallylsulfide (0.05 mg of monosulfide, 1.0 mg of disulfide, 3.4 mg of trisulfide, 0.6 mg tetrasulfide) had the ability to improve the incorporation of dietary protein into muscles (and other organs).

 

• Study shows: Vitamin C supplementation does reduce skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to chronic overload (Makanae. 2013) -- Despite the fact that it has not even been published yet, the paper by Yuhei Makanae et al. actually only confirms what more and more scientists have been speculating about within the last couple of years. The provision of high does of active antioxidants, and as it seems in particular vitamin C, blunts the hypertrophy response to skeletal muscle overload.
  
  

  

  Figure 2: 14-day of 500mg/kg  (HED 0.08g/kg) supplemental vitamin C blunt skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rodents (Makanae. 2013)

  As you can see in figure 2 the effect size was relatively small, but statistically highly significant (p < 0.01) and that despite the fact that the supplementation regimen (500mg/kg body weight; HED: 0.08g/kg body weight) was not even that much higher than what some "vitamin C enthusiasts" are taking on a daily basis in the futile (and useless) effort to boost their serum vitamin C levels to a concentrations your body does - probably not without reason - try to counter by increasing renal vitamin C clearance.
  
  As the data in figure 2 shows, the same homeostatic mechanism we know from humans worked in the rodents, as well - well, at least with respect to the serum levels. In the plantaris muscle of the supplemented group, on the other hand, there was a significantly higher accumulation of vitamin C than in the placebo group. This increase went hand in hand with an attenuation of the repressive effects the chronic overload of the muscle had on the expression of the catabolic protein atrogin-1 and the increases in the pro-anabolic protein Erk1/2 (p < 0.01) in the non-supplemented animals. Based on this observations and with reference to the results of previous studies and the fact that neither the water content of the muscle, nor a significant reduction in food intake in the vitamin C group could explain the observed differences, Makanae et al. conclude "that oral vitamin C administration attenuates plantaris muscle hypertrophy induced by chronic mechanical load." (Makanae. 2013).
  
  What the study does not answer, though, is the question whether the effects would be identical in a real-world training scenario, where the temporary, yet more intense wear and tear on the muscle could in fact be sufficient to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy human despite vitamin C supplementation. But let's be honest in view of the fact that scientific evidence for ergogenic benefits of more than 1g of supplemental vitamin C  per day (in humans) is simply non-existent, the take away message from the study at hand should actually read: Do not escalate your vitamin C beyond the 1g per day, if you don't want to risk compromising the results of all the hard work you are investing into your training.

That's is, another installment of On Short Notice and the first day of the weekend approaching it's peak. If you still have some time before whatever your plan for Saturday night may be and feel like you could use some seconds on today's short news, I suggest you head over to the SuppVersity Facebook Wall and check out the latest news on

• 

  Ever thought about what green tea, grape seed, curcumin, cranberry, and tons of other Super Food have antimicrobial effects? Considering the LPS-influx from the gut turns out to be a major contributor to all sorts of diseases, I am curious about how much of their effects are actually mediated by the gut microbiome.

  The differential role of intramuscular lipids in trained athletes and sedentary slobs and how the difference between performance enhancement and insulin resistance it all comes back to getting your as off the coach (learn more)
• Metformin 2.0? Scientists have developed a hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-obesity, and glucose lowering agent called ETC-1002 (learn more)
• Confirmed: Grape seed could be the go-to neuroprotector for diabetics - GSE administration was found to be able to ameliorate most of the biochemical altered parameters in diabetic rats (read more)
• Fermenting your own dairy? Just add some catechin rich teas and the lactobacilli will strive. Makes you wonder about the 'internal' probiotic effects of green and black teas, as well. Doesn't it? (learn more)

There will be more, don't worry - so feel free to check for updates either directly on the SuppVersity Facebook Wall or simply by taking a look at the navigation in the right under "SuppVersity Facebook Wall" from time to time. Obviously, you can also simply "like" the SuppVersity on facebook to make sure you don't miss anything.

References:

• Davis JN, Gunderson EP, Gyllenhammer LE, Goran MI. Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pubertal Changes in Adiposity and Metabolic Profiles in Latino Offspring. J Pediatr. 2013 Nov 10.
• Eyzaguirre F, Bancalari R, Román R, Silva R, Youlton R, Urquidi C, García H, Mericq V. Prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome according to birthweight among overweight and obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;25(1-2):51-6. 
• Fehri B, Aiache JM, Korbi S, Monkni M, Ben Said M, Memmi A, Hizaoui B, Boukef K (1991) Toxic effects induced by the repeat administration of Allium sativum L. J Pharm Belg 46:363–374.
• Hammami I, Nahdi A, Mauduit C, Benahmed M, Amri M, Ben Amar A, Zekri S, El May A, El May MV. The inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions of crude garlic (Allium sativum) feeding. Asian J Androl. 2008; 10:593–601.
• Hammami I, Amara S, Benahmed M, El May MV, Mauduit C. Chronic crude garlic-feeding modified adult male rat testicular markers: mechanisms of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009; 24:57–65.
• Hansen EA, Rønnestad BR, Vegge G, Raastad T. Cyclists Improve Pedalling Efficacy and Performance After Heavy Strength Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011 Dec 2. 
• Hammami I, El May MV. Impact of garlic feeding (Allium sativum) on male fertility. Andrologia. 2013 Sep 3.
• Makanae Y, Kawada S, Sasaki K, Nakazato K, Ishii N. Vitamin C administration attenuates overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2013 Nov 26.
• Medeiros Jr HS, Mello RS, Amorim MZ, Koch AJ, Machado M. Planned Intensity Reduction to Maintain Repetitions Within Recommended Hypertrophy Range. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013 Nov 19. 
• Oi Y, Imafuku M, Shishido C, Kominato Y, Nishimura S, Iwai K. Garlic supplementation increases testicular testosterone and decreases plasma corticosterone in rats fed a high protein diet. J Nutr. 2001 Aug;131(8):2150-6.
• Patterson RE, Rock CL, Kerr J, Natarajan L, Marshall SJ, Pakiz B, Cadmus-Bertram LA. Metabolism and Breast Cancer Risk: Frontiers in Research and Practice. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Nov 2. doi:pii: S2212-2672(12)01426-8.
• Qian YX, Shen PJ, Xu RY, Liu GM, Yang HQ, Lu YS, Sun P, Zhang RW, Qi LM, Lu QH.  Spermicidal effect in vitro by the active principle of garlic. Contraception. 1986; 34:295–302.
• Troisi R, Grotmol T, Jacobsen J, Tretli S, Toft­Sørensen H, Gissler M, Kaaja R,Potischman N, Ekbom A, Hoover RN Stephansson O. Perinatal characteristics and breast cancer risk in daughters: a Scandinavian population­based study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Available on CJO 2013.

Low Fat Toddler, High Fat Adult?! Intra-Workout Carbs More 'Anabolic' Than Protein!? Iron Prevents Gastric Cancer & Insulin Resistance?! Plus: A Sixpack of Kettlebell Studies

If you want to know exactly how your neighbors or rather your county did, check out the CDC's brand new County Data Interactive Atlas (may take some time to load), select your state and click on your county. Unfortunately, it's not exactly likely that you will be pleasantly surprised after all, places with rates below 6.5% (white on the map) have become rare, while those with 11.2% or more are becoming the norm.

"100%" - In words: One hundred percent, that's the SuppVersity figure of the week and at the same time the rate at which the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in 14 of the US states grew faster in the years between 1995 and 2000 than previous estimates had predicted. The CDC has published this figure along with more information and the link to their brand new County Data Interactive Atlas in their weekly report on November 15, 2013. The Top 5 offenders on the list that's attached to the report are (1) Oklahoma (226 percent), (2) Kentucky (158 percent), (3) Georgia (145 percent), (4) Alabama (140 percent), and (5) Washington (135 percent).

No reason to worry, though, my American friends! According to their own assessment, the CDC and its partners are working on "a variety of initiatives to prevent type 2 diabetes and to reduce complications in those already diagnosed."... you see,all is going to be good! Your well-meaning government is taking care of the problem ;-)

I guess that's enough sarcasm and useless statistics for the day. Let's get down to some serious On Short Notice business, now. And what would be more obvious than to start with something that's probably still not on the radar of the CDC or any its smart partners over at the NIH who are still promoting a high carb + low fat diet to people who can hardly tolerate the amount of carbohydrates in a TicTac. What I am talking about? The predispositioning effects of a fat-deficient toddler diet...

• Fat loving toddlers grow up to be leaner adults (Rolland-Cachera. 2013) -- To determine whether nutritional intakes in early life are associated with body composition and hormonal status at 20 years, a group of researchers from the University of Paris analyzed data from 73 subjects, who had been part of a two-decade-long prospective study (ELANCE, Etude Longitudinale Alimentation Nutrition Croissance des Enfants).
  
  
  Associations of specific factors that increase the risk of being obese in the kindergarten as based on another study that's also been published ahead of print in the online version of Obesity (Flores. 2013):
  

  • born to an obese mother + 240% risk
  • gestational diabetes and gestational diabetes + 190%
  • drinking tea or coffee between meals before bedtime at 2 years old +230% and drinking sugary beverages at kindergarten age at least weekly + 130%
  • Latino or multiracial + 130% race ethnicity
  • ever-attending center-based daycare -70%
  • eating fruit at least weekly at kindergarten age -70
  • maternal history of a prior newborn birth weight greater than or equal to 4000g -90%

  If you do have or plan to have kids, you should maybe make a mental note on some of these.
  The kids, now all young adults had been examined twice, at the age of 10 months and with 2 years. During the recent followup, the  body weight, height, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and serum leptin concentration of the young adults (now twenty years of age) were recorded in order to identify associations between early nutrition and adult body weight.
  
  The adjusted linear regression models Rolland-Cachera and colleagues used to analyze the data actually showed a couple of significant associations, the first one of which, i.e. the fact thatan increase by 100 kcal in energy intake at 2 years was associated with higher subscapular skinfold thickness (β=6.4%, P=0.002) and higher FFM (0.50 kg, 0.06–0.95, P=0.03) at 20 years, seems to stand in line with the hilarious calories-in-vs-calories-out hypothesis. However, these associations could also be related to the fact that early nutrition will program our satiety response, so that those programmed to be "good eaters" by a less nurturing diet in their earliest childhood will remain "good eaters", even when they switch to the energy-laden standard American diet.
  
  Against that background, the second significant association the researchers observed, i.e. the fact that an increase by 1% energy from fat at 2 years was associated with lower subscapular skinfold thickness (−2.3% SF, −4.41 to −0.18, P=0.03), lower FM (−0.31 kg, −0.60 to −0.01, P=0.04) and lower serum leptin concentration (−0.21 μg l−1, −0.39 to −0.03, P=0.02) at 20 years appears to be even more important. After all, it looks like the Rolland-Cachera et al. had found the first relatively convincing evidence (not proof, yet) for the negative metabolic effect of early low fat diets in human beings:
  

  "Low-fat intake in early life was negatively associated with body fat (particularly at the trunk site) and serum leptin concentration at 20 years, suggesting that early low-fat intake could increase the susceptibility to develop overweight and leptin resistance at later ages. These findings substantiate current recommendations against restricting fat intake in early life and open new directions for investigating the origin of obesity." (Rolland-Cachera. 2013)

  Now let's just hope that scientists are actually tackling these "new directions" and - more importantly - that the respective results are recognized by the public and incorporated into the "dietary guidelines".
• Study suggests: If you could chose only one, your intraworkout nutrition should be a carbohydrate not a protein supplement (Kazemzadeh. 2013) -- This is at least the authors' own interpretation of the results of a recent study that was conducted by three researchers from the Azad University and the Teheran University in Iran.
  
  

  

  Figure 1: Changes in hormone levels from pre to post exercise (Kazemzadeh. 2013). If you focus solely on statistical significance you can be likewise mislead as, when you don't even check whether you findings are significant at all.

  According to the statistically significant part of the hormonal response of the 18-25-year-old subjects (university students who selected physical training course, but had no prior training experience), the consumption of an intra-workout supplement containing either 10 ml/kg of a 6% glucose solution was in fact "less catabolic" than during the same strength training routine with a 0.2 g/kg protein shake (PRO group) as an intra-workout supplement. On paper that's certainly true: The increased insulin response "enhances removal of amino acids and synthesis of proteins after the resistance exercise, on the one hand, and decreases the activity of proteolytic enzymes" (Kazemzadeh. 2013) and the non-existant increase in cortisol is in fact what scientists have long heralded as the goto indicators of anabolism.
  
  
  Note: Just as most of these studies the participants did not consume breakfast before the resistance exercise session, which comprised six selected exercises: The bench press, biceps curl with barbell, side stretch, leg press, knee stretch, knee bending. If the study had been conducted after a regular breakfast ~2-3h before the workout, the study could have yielded totally different effects with respect to both, the blunted insulin, as well as the increased cortisol response. On the other hand, the GH spike in the protein group would most certainly have been lower as well. After all, the latter is - as you may have read in the SuppVersity Facebook News earlier today - basically only a means by which your body taps into its fat reservoirs to satisfy his acute energy demands and not strictly a way to protect lean mass (Gahete. 2013).
  I do still have serious doubts about the real-world significance of the temporary blunt in cortisol. After all, the immediate post-workout response is, in contrary to sustained elevations of cortisol levels for hours or days after a workout, associated with an increase, not a decrease in skeletal muscle hypertrophy (West. 2013) and in essence nothing else, but a physiological adaptation that's necessary to maintain stable blood glucose levels during strenuous workouts and sooth the early burst of inflammation after a workout. Moreover, despite being only borderline significant, only the protein shake did increase growth hormone (p=0.057), testosterone (p=0.52) and IGF-1 (p=0.51) levels during the workout.
  
  This does not necessarily refute the benefits of carbohydrate supplementation during a workout, but if you insist on maximizing gains (not necessarily all lean I would guess) at all costs, it may be wise to consume a slow digesting protein + some fiber-laden carbs like oats 1-2h before a workout, to sip a light carbohydrate + BCCA drink intra- and wash everything down with another shake w/ whey protein and one or two bananas afterwards instead of just drinking some sugar water while you are lifting.
• Iron is a negative predictor of gastric cancer in humans and lowered hemoglobin and hematocrit levels induce insulin in rodents (Cook. 2013; Davis. 2013) -- While the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study was a failure (at least with respect to the expected benefits of the anti-oxidants), there are still a couple of interesting side-findings.
  
  

  

   Meat-Ology: The Link Between Red Meat, Cooking Techniques & Prostate Cancer

  One of these side-findings pertains to the touted effects of increased iron intake on the etiology of gastric cancer, which is simply not existent. According to Cook et al. there were statistically significant negative associations for ferritin in the 2nd, 3rd quartile (-33% risk and -48% risk, respectively) and a borderline significant risk reduction of -31% for overall gastric cancer in the highest quartile (>241 ng/ml) and statistically nonsignificant decreases in gastric cancer risk for total iron, transferrin saturation and total dietary iron intake per 1,000kcal/day in the 2nd-4th quartiles of the respective serum parameters.
  
  That said, subsequent adjustments for H. pylori and then gastric atrophy did not materially affect a majority of the estimates ...
  

      "[...] the only exception was that the relationship  between ferritin and GNCC [Gastric noncardia cancer] was attenuated  There was little evidence for direct associations between iron metrics and H. pylori seropositivity or gastric atrophy (low pepsinogen I)—only serum ferritin appeared to share a relationship with these variables, and this relationship was stronger between ferritin and gastric atrophy." (Cook. 2013)

  So if "red meat is bad for you" it is probably not the iron content of the meat that is responsible for the observed associations of gastric cancer and high red meat intake in some previous studies (cf. WCR Fund. 2011).
  
  And with respect to its effect on glucose metabolism, a recent rodent study has just shown that a reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit due to a lack of dietary iron does actually impair, not improve glucose management in otherwise healthy rodents fed an iron-deficient diet:
  

  

  Figure 2: Blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride on iron sufficient / deficient high sugar (AIN-76) or high starch (AIN-93) died (Davis. 2013)

  "Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly reduced in both ID groups compared to the C  and PF groups. Similarly, animals in the both ID groups exhibited elevated steady-state levels of blood glucose and insulin [...]
  
  [Moreover, hepetic]epatic gene expression analyses revealed a ~4-  and 3-fold increase in the expression of glucokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 mRNA, respectively, in the ID group on either diet compared to their respective PF [pairfed on iron sufficient diets] counterparts" (Davis. 2013)

  The accompanying negative effects on triglycerides and fatty acid synthesis and storage Davis et al. observed were yet exclusive to the animals who received a high succrose iron-deficient diet.
• Vitamin C, D & E in health not disease - Only alpha-tocopherol shows negative correlation with markers of inflammation (Garcia-Bailo. 2013)-- A very recent study that has been conducted by researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of Guelph did not find any relation between the novel and the old savior of the human race, i.e. vitamin D and C, respectively and expression of inflammatory cytokines.
  
  

  

  Suggested read: "Are Vitamin Supplements Bad For Me (1/2)? The wrong Vitamin E Supplements Increase Cancer Risk."

  Plain Vitamin E in its alpha-tocopherol form, which has almost been written off after the selenium + E (and E only) cancer trials, on the other hand, showed statistically significant correlations with interferon-gamma and RANTES, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is also known as CCL5 and the acronym for "egulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted" plays an important role in various immune processes, such as recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation and mediating T cell and monocyte traffic. In view of the fact that this cytokine has also been shown to increase angiogenesis and is generally elevated in several inflammatory conditions, including atherosclerosis, these results would suggest that keeping an eye on your E-levels is about as, if not more important for young healthy individuals than vitamin C and D.
  
  If you also consider the fact that IL-1RA (by the way not necessarily inflammatory), interferon gamma, IP-10, PDGF-bb and RANTES were the only out of 27 cytokines the researchers initially measured with high enough concentrations to be detect accurately in the 1007 subjects with a BMI of ~23 and a weekly activity level of ~7Met, these results do also provide substantial evidence that it would probably be worth spending more money on studies that investigate  what it is that makes normal people healthy, instead of spending bazillions of dollars into the 1001st study on how people with XYZ (pt your favorite disease here) have low vitamin D levels *yawn*.

• 

  Check out the Website of the Reigning Canadian Kettlebell Biathlon Champion, Ameer Rosic for some workout videos

  A sixpack of kettlebell studies to remind trainers and trainees, alike, that there are more things you can lift than just dumbbells and barbells (various authors) -- I have never gotten hooked to kettlebells myself and would never agree to exchange my barbells and dumbbells for the finest set of kettlebells for more than one week, but if you take a look at some of the studies that have been published in the past 12 months or so, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the incorporation of kettlebell workouts into your routine, as a means to provide new muscular and metabolic stimuli, could yield highly beneficial results:
  

  Kettlebell swings restore and enhance back health and function (McGill. 2013) On the basis of electromyography, ground reaction forces (GRFs), and 3D kinematic data the researchers determined that kettlebell swings create a "hip-hinge squat pattern characterized by rapid muscle activation-relaxation cycles of substantial magnitudes (∼50% of a maximal voluntary contraction [MVC] for the low back extensors and 80% MVC for the gluteal muscles with a 16-kg kettlebell) resulting in about 3,200 N of low back compression." The way the swings activate the abs and the unique loading patterns of the posterior shear of the L4 vertebra on L5, which is opposite in polarity to a traditional lift could make it a valuable tool in re- and prehab.	Kettlebell swing training improves maximal and explosive strength (Lake 2013) 21 healthy men  were randomly assigned to either a kettlebell (KB) or jump squat (JS) training twice a week. The KB group performed 12-minute bouts of KB exercise (12 rounds of 30-second exercise, 30-second rest with 12 kg if lower than 70 kg or 16 kg if higher 70 kg). The JS group performed at least 4 sets of 3 JS with the load that maximized peak power—Training volume was altered to accommodate different training loads and ranged from 4 sets of 3 with the heaviest load (60% 1RM) to 8 sets of 6 with the lightest load (0% 1RM). The increase in maximum strength of 9.8%, as well as explosive strength (+19.8%) were identical in both groups
  Kettlebell training has "has potential for improving some components of MetS in middle-aged women." (Moreno. 2011): While the changes the author of the thesis observed in response to 10 weeks twice weekly kettlebell training did not reach statistically significance (probably due to the low subject size of N=6 physically inactive women, mean age (mean age 48.8y, BMI 31.8) the trends in " fasting glucose and body fat were encouraging and suggest that kettlebell training has potential for improving some components of MetS in middle-aged women."	Kettle bell workouts can decrease blood pressure (Douglass. 2013): Eight resistance trained pre-hypertensive and HTN males saw statistically and more importantly clinically significant declines in blood pressure (to normal levels!) in the course of a randomized cross-over designed study which included 12 minutes of continuous two-handed swings (THS), three sets of a 6 exercise circuit (CIR), and a resting control (CON).
  Kettlebell training can improve strength, power and and endurance (Mannocia. 2013):  23 subjects (age 18-72 years) were required to perform a10-week kettlebell training program that took place in a group setting two times per week. Post hoc pairwise comparisons of assessments barbell clean and jerk, barbell bench press, maximal vertical jump, and 450 back extensions performance revealed significant time x group interaction and a main effect (p < 0.05) for the bench press, a trend toward a time x group interaction and a significant main effect for clean and jerk. These observations suggest "that kettlebells may be an effective alternative tool to improve performance in weight- and powerlifting".	10 min of treadmill running may burn more more energy, than a short 10-min kettlebell drill, but pro-anabolic & strength edurance effects speak in favor of 'the bells' (McGill. 2013): Only those who still believe in santa... ah, I mean the calories in vs. out theory of weight loss, will probably care, whether they are burning 12.5 or 17.1kcal/min and therefore this "advantage" would hardly be important even if the participants had not been sprinting part of their 10min on the treadmill just to make sure to achieve the prescriped (identical) rates of perceived exertion. And as usual, there is no reason, why you could not switch back and forth from one "drill" to another.

That's it once more for this week's installment of pretty longish short news. I hope you liked one or another and will see you tomorrow for some more information on the latest and greatest from the world of exercise and nutrition sciences. And just in case you have not seen those already, I guess there are a handful of news on facebook you may be interested in:

• 

  If you just skip the hookers and the transdermal cocaine and take a regular bath, this may speed up your regeneration and propel your gains - if timepoint and temperature are spot on!

  Transdermal 'cocaine' in "bath salt" - 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in OTC "bath salt" is 10x more potent than cocaine and unquestionably hazardous
• The anti-cancer effect of 'active vitamin B6' - High levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6 appear to have protective effects against breast cancer... or is it exactly the other way around?
• Bisphenol A is a local fat synthesizer - Study shows how Bisphenol A increases obesity: it ramps up the local cortisol production in adipose tissue and thus 'helps' you stash away more body fat

As usual there is more on facebook and further news to come, but I guess you got other things to do on a Saturday than reading SuppVersity posts all day ;-)

References:

• Cook MB, Kamangar F, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Abnet CC, Wood RJ, Petty G, Cross AJ, Dawsey SM. Iron in relation to gastric cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Nov;21(11):2033-42. 
• Davis MR, Hester KK, Shawron KM, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Clarke SL. Comparisons of the iron deficient metabolic response in rats fed either an AIN-76 or AIN-93 based diet. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013 Oct 30;9(1):95.
• Douglass, MJ. The blood pressure response of two popular kettlebell routines. M.S. thesis in  Kinesiology (Exercise Science). California State University, Sacramento, 2013.
• Flores G, Lin H. Factors predicting severe childhood obesity in kindergarteners. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Nov 13.
• Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, Luque RM, Kineman RD. The Rise in Growth Hormone during Starvation Does Not Serve to Maintain Glucose Levels or Lean Mass but Is Required for Appropriate Adipose Tissue Response in Female Mice. Endocrinology. 2013 Nov 13.
• García-Bailo B, Roke K, Mutch DM, El-Sohemy A, Badawi A.Association between circulating ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and plasma cytokine concentrations in young adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutrition & Metabolism 2013, 9:102. 
• Hulsey CR, Soto DT, Koch AJ, Mayhew JL. Comparison of kettlebell swings and treadmill running at equivalent rating of perceived exertion values. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 May;26(5):1203-7.
• Kazemzadeh Y, Gaeini A, Abasrashid N. Comparison of the Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate or Protein during Exercise on Hormonal Response. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2013; 15(2): 90-93. 
• Lake JP, Lauder MA. Kettlebell swing training improves maximal and explosive strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Aug;26(8):2228-33.
• Moreno KIK. Effects of kettlebell training on metabolic syndrome in women. M.A. Thesis, San Jose State University, 2011, 138 pages.
• McGill SM, Marshall LW. Kettlebell swing, snatch, and bottoms-up carry: back
  and hip muscle activation, motion, and low back loads. J Strength Cond Res. 2013
  Jan;26(1):16-27. 
• Manocchia P, Spierer DK, Lufkin AK, Minichiello J, Castro J. Transference of kettlebell training to strength, power and endurance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 May 3.
• Rolland-Cachera MF, Maillot M, Deheeger M, Souberbielle JC, Péneau S, Hercberg S. Association of nutrition in early life with body fat and serum leptin at adult age. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Nov 13.
• WorldCancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR; 2007.
• West DW, Phillips SM. Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jul;112(7):2693-702. 

Double Your Workout Volume With 3,4-DA - Chlorogenic Acid Metabolite, Dihydroxycinnamic Acid, Makes Rats Run 60% Longer, 30% Faster 90% Further!

Image 1 (sodahead.com): Another reason to supersize your cup of coffee; no not the girl, or ... well ;-)

Those of you who can no longer be without their well-deserved daily dose of SuppVersity news will probably remember the amazing weight loss effects an extract from green coffee beans yielded in a 2013 trial by Vinson et al. (cf. "GCB Another Fatloss Acronym: Green Coffee Bean Extract Helps Pre-Obese Men and Women Shed 16lbs in 22 weeks"; Vinson. 2013) and while I am still not convinced that you would see similar results in non-obese individuals, another recently published study by Novaes et al. does suggest that even those of you who don't think that they have another lbs of body fat to spare, could largely benefit not just from the caffeine, but also from the 0.5-1.0g of chlorogenic acid and the subsequent conversion of the latter into 250-500mg of 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (3,4-DA) even 400ml of regular coffee do contain (Chung. 2004; Novaes. 2013).

3,4-DA is like legal gear from the brown brew

Compared to placebo and vitamin C (25mg/kg), the hydrolyzed chlorogenic acid molecule, of which the 8-week-old male Wistar rats in the Noves study received either 5mg or 25mg per kg body weight (HED for 80kg human being: 65mg or 324mg) had almost incredibly potent "ergogenic" effects:

Figure 1: Time to fatigue (TTF), speed, workload and total distance covered (secondary axis) during exhaustive treadmill running after oral supplementation with placebo (control), vitamin C or 4,5 DA at doses of 5mg/kg and 25m/kg (based on Novaes. 2013)

As you can see in figure 1 the rodents in the high dose group ran 60% longer, 30% faster, 90% further and performed overall twice as much work (42 vs. 21 kg*m) than the rodents who had received the human equivalent of ~325mg vitamin C before a forced running test on a motor-driven treadmill.

Less ROS = Increased efficacy?!

Interestingly, the lactate levels of the 3,4-DA rodents were significantly lower and the remaining liver glycogen levels were significantly higher than in the placebo and vitamin C group (see figure 2).

Figure 2: Serum triglyceride (group effects non-significant) and lactate levels, hepatic glycogen content and protein arbonyl and malondialdehyde levels after the exercise (based on Novaes. 2013)

As Novaes et al. point out this suggests that the effect is partly mediated by a higher metabolic efficiency. The latter is probably a direct result of the profound reduction in reactive oxygen specimen, which have been associated with impairments of the cellular metabolism and subsequently reduced aerobic energy production (Atalay. 2002) - a hypothesis that would be supported by the reduced levels of protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde in the liver of the 3,4-DA treated rodents.

But don't we need ROS?

Image 2: Don't worry those love handles will go away - rather with the antioxidant + caffeine power of coffee than without it!

These observations are also quite revealing as the offer an alternative explanation for the previously mentioned possibly negative effects of antioxidants on the exercise-induced improvements in glucose metabolism (cf. "Update on Antioxidants & Exercise - Neither Vitamin C Nor E Have ANY Effect on the Response to Intense Exercise"): If high doses of other anti-oxidants have the same beneficial effects on metabolic efficacy, it stands to reason that even weaker antioxidants than 3,4-DA would spare liver (and muscle) glycogen and thus reduce the exercise-induced expression of AMPK of which you may remember from posts like "AMPK II/III: Leucine, HMB and a Glimpse on Other AMPK Modulators" that it is expressed in response to intracellular glucose, or more specifically ATP depletion, and the subsequent increase in glucose (re-uptake).

A huge cup of coffee before your workout will therefore neither hamper the weight loss, nor the health effects of your workout, as long as you do actually make use of its ergogenic effect and train 60% longer, 30% faster, 90% further and perform overall twice as much work... just kiddin', if you train regularly you should be more concerned about keeping the amount of inflammation at bay - some is probably necessary, too much counter-productive, but that would the topic of another SuppVersity post. I for one am now going to get myself a nice cup of coffee...yummy!

Suggested reads on coffee:

• GCB Another Fatloss Acronym: Green Coffee Bean Extract Helps Pre-Obese Men and Women Shed 16lbs in 22 weeks.
• Warding Off Holiday Weight Gain 2.0: The Anti-Diabesity Effect of Coffee Goes Beyond its Caffeine Content.
• Only "Real", Not Decaffeinated Instant Coffee Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation. Revisited: Caffeine's Dose-Dependent Effects on Testosterone & Cortisol Response to Exercise
• Study Identifies Caffeic Acid Induced AMPK-α2 Activity Behind the Fat Burning, Insulin-Sensitizing & Life-Extending Effects of Coffee. Plus: Why Creatine & Coffee Don't Mix!

• all about coffee

References:

1. Atalay M, Laaksonen DE. Diabetes, oxidative stress and training. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2002 Jan; 1 - 14.
2. Chung TW, Moon SK, Chang YC, Ko JH, Lee YC, Cho G, Kim SH, Kim JG, Kim CH. Novel and therapeutic effect of caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenyl ester on hepatocarcinoma cells: complete regression of hepatoma growth and metastasis by dual mechanism. FASEB J. 2004 Nov;18(14):1670-81.
3. Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Peluzio Mdo C, Natali AJ, Maldonado IR. 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic Acid attenuates the fatigue and improves exercise tolerance in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013 May 23;76(5):1025-7.
4. Vinson JA, Burnham BR, Nagendran MV. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;5:21-7. Epub 2013 Jan 18.